Decreased RARß expression induces abundant inflammation and cervical precancerous lesions.

It is well known that vitamin A and its receptors protect against cancer development and that Retinoid Acid Receptor ß (RARß) is epigenetically silenced during tumoral progression. Cervical Cancer (CC) has been causally linked to high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. However, host factors are important in determining the outcome of persistent HR-HPV infection as most cervical precancerous lesions containing HR-HPVs do not progress to invasive carcinomas. Increasing evidence suggests that low diet in vitamin A and their receptors participate in the development of CC. The aim of this study has been to investigate the effects of abated RARß expression in the development of cervical premalignant lesions in 4 month-old conditional mice (RARß(L-/L-)). Results demonstrated the development of spontaneous squamous metaplasia, inflammatory infiltrate, enhanced mitotic activity, loss of cell differentiation, as well as decreased apoptosis and p16(INK4a) protein levels in RARß(L-/L-) mice cervix. All these changes are hallmarks of moderate dysplasia. Importantly, our results suggest that the low expression of RARß, may induce the down regulation of p16(INK4a), chronic inflammation and decreased apoptosis and may be involved in vulnerability to HR-HPV and early stage cervical carcinogenesis.

Trastornos congénitos de la glucosilación. Estudio de 2 pacientes / Congenital glycosylation disorders: A study of two patients

Antecedentes: Los trastornos congénitos de la glucosilación constituyen un grupo de situaciones originadas por un defecto en la síntesis de las glucoproteínas. Sus manifestaciones pueden afectar a diversos órganos. Objetivos: Dar a conocer dos nuevos pacientes afectados de esta patología para contribuir a difundir el conocimiento de esta entidad. Métodos: Presentamos 2 pacientes con las manifestaciones clínicas, radiológicas, analíticas y genéticas compatibles con CD. Conclusiones: Los trastornos de la glucosilación constituyen un grupo de situaciones que se deben tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico de un paciente con un cuadro neurológico de origen inexplicable, en particular si asocia alteraciones hepáticas o de la coagulación(AU)

Background: Congenital glycosylation disorders (CGDs) are a group of disorders caused by a defect in glycoprotein synthesis. Clinical manifestations may affect to different organs. Aims: To describe two new patients cases with a CGD in order to make paediatricians aware of this disorder. Clinical cases: Two new cases of different age and gender are presented, showing clinical manifestations, and radiological and laboratory findings compatible with CGD. One of the cases was followed up for several years. Conclusions: Glycosylation disorders are a group of conditions to bear in mind when considering the diagnosis of a patient with neurological symptoms of unexplained origin, particularly in those cases that include a delay in psychomotor activity, low muscle tone, epilepsy, and hepatic or coagulation disorders, as well as in patients with cerebellar or olivopontocerebellar atrophy(AU)

[Congenital glycosylation disorders: a study of two patients]. / Trastornos congénitos de la glucosilación. Estudio de 2 pacientes.

BACKGROUND: Congenital glycosylation disorders (CGDs) are a group of disorders caused by a defect in glycoprotein synthesis. Clinical manifestations may affect to different organs. AIMS: To describe two new patients cases with a CGD in order to make paediatricians aware of this disorder. CLINICAL CASES: Two new cases of different age and gender are presented, showing clinical manifestations, and radiological and laboratory findings compatible with CGD. One of the cases was followed up for several years. CONCLUSIONS: Glycosylation disorders are a group of conditions to bear in mind when considering the diagnosis of a patient with neurological symptoms of unexplained origin, particularly in those cases that include a delay in psychomotor activity, low muscle tone, epilepsy, and hepatic or coagulation disorders, as well as in patients with cerebellar or olivopontocerebellar atrophy.

Trastornos congénitos de la glicosilación de las proteínas. Patogenia y aspectos clínicos / Congenital disorders of glycosylation of proteins. Pathogeny and clinical features

Objetivo. Este trabajo se propone actualizar los conocimientos a cerca de los trastornos congénitos de la glicosilación de las proteínas (CDG), en los aspectos referentes a lapatogenia y manifestaciones clínicas. Desarrollo. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura considerando la evolución histórica de estas enfermedades, las bases bioquímicas y genéticas que permiten una clasificación, así como las manifestaciones clínicas; se hace especial hincapié en la descripción de la variante CDG Ia, la forma más frecuente, de la que se describen las tres etapas evolutivas: infantil multisistémica, infantil tardía y del adulto; deforma más breve se comentan las características de las variantes CDG Ib y CDG Ic. Conclusiones. Los CDG constituyen una patología emergente que dada su heterogeneidad clínica debe sospecharse en todo paciente con un cuadro neurológico inexplicable, en particular si junto a retraso psicomotor, hipotonía y epilepsia, asocia alteraciones hepáticas o de la coagulación, así como en casos de hipoplasia cerebelosa u olivo pontocerebelosa de aparición en el período neonatal (AU)

Objective. This work aims to provide an up-date on the knowledge regarding congenital disorders of glycosylation(CDG) of proteins in aspects on pathogeny and clinical manifestations. Development. We performed a review of the literature, considering the historical course of these diseases, biochemical and genetic bases that permit their classification and the clinical manifestations. Special emphasis is placed on the description of the CDG Ia variant, the most frequent form, describing the three evolutive states: infantile multisystemlate-infantile and adult. Briefly, we comment on the characteristics of the CDG Ib and CDG Ic variants. Conclusions. CDG is an emerging disease that, given its clinical heterogeneity, should be suspected in all patients with an unexplainable neurological picture, especially if it is accompanied by psychomotor retardation, hypotony andepilepsy, if it associates hepatic alterations of coagulation disorders and in cases of cerebellar hypoplasia or pontocerebellar and olive hypoplasia appearing in the neonatal period (AU)

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de los trastornos congénitos de laglicosilación de las proteínas / Diagnosis and treatment of congenital disorders of glycosylation of proteins

Objetivo. Se realiza una revisión actualizada de los procedimientos diagnósticos y del tratamiento de los trastornos congénitos de la glicosilación de las proteínas. Desarrollo. Con la revisión de la literatura referente a estas enfermedades, se detallan los datos clínicos que permiten realizar una sospecha fundada, destacando los hallazgos de laboratorio, tanto los referentes a las isoformas de la transferrina (se encuentra un aumento de la disialotransferrina y de la asialotransferrina y un descenso de la tetrasialotransferrina), los enzimáticos específicos -deficiencia de fosfomanonomutasa-, así como las pruebas hepáticas (elevación de transaminasas) y de coagulación (descenso de los factores) y los aspectos radiológicos (atrofia del cerebelo y del tronco cerebral, con normalidad de estructuras supratentoriales). Además, se refieren las situaciones clínicas con las que hay que realizar un diagnóstico diferencial y se comentan los aspectos terapéuticos, destacando que sólo dos trastornos: CDG-Ib (manosa oral) y CDG IIc (mucosa) tienen un tratamiento etiopatogénico eficaz. Conclusiones. En los pacientes con sospecha clínica de esta patología, la determinación de la transferrina es el primer paso para su diagnóstico, completándose con la demostración de la deficiencia enzimática, para confirmar mediante el análisis de las mutaciones del gen PMM2. En la actualidad no se dispone de un tratamiento para la forma CDGIa, la variante más frecuente (AU)

Objective. An up-dated review is made of the diagnostic procedures and treatment of congenital disorders of glycosylation of proteins. Development. With the review of the literature regarding these diseases, details are given of the clinical data that make it possible to perform a well-founded suspicion, stressing the laboratory findings, both those regarding the transferrin isoforms (an increase is found in the disialotransferrin and asialotransferrin and decrease of the tetrasialotransferrin), specific enzymes - deficiency of the enzyme phosphomano mutase and hepatic (transaminase elevation) and coagulation (decrease of the factors) tests and radiological features (cerebellum and brain stem atrophy with normality of supratentorial structures). Furthermore, the clinical situations needed to make a differential diagnosisare mentioned and the therapeutic aspects are discussed, it standing out that only two disorders: CDG-Ib (oral mannose) and CDG IIc (mucose) have an effective etiopathogenic treatment. Conclusions. In patients with clinical suspicion of this condition, determination of transferrin is the first step for its diagnosis, completing it with the demonstration of the enzyme deficiency, to confirm the mutations of the PMM2 gene through the analysis. Currently, there is no treatment available for the CDG-Ia form, this being the most frequent variant (AU)